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However, for healthcare researchers around the world who did not have a readymade CMI at hand, the search for a valid substitute has always been a painstaking process.
This study reported that oral fluid was a valid substitute for serum sampling for patients on chronic oral morphine therapy.
With an accuracy of 92%, it can represent a valid substitute for traditional approaches, which are costly, time-consuming, and potentially unreliable.
Two Norwegian studies have shown that CDR staging is a valid substitute for a dementia assessment among nursing-home patients to rate dementia and dementia severity [ 60, 61].
How confident we must be that a surrogate endpoint is a valid substitute for the endpoint of primary interest is debated [ 44, 45].
Two Norwegian studies have shown that CDR staging is a valid substitute for dementia assessment among nursing-home patients, to rate dementia and dementia severity.
In assays where C646-induced fluorescence interferes with measurements, C107 appears to be a valid substitute as it lacks the intrinsic fluorescence properties of C646.
The permit does not apply without a valid visa.
Charges will not be processed without a valid itemized receipt.
As a result, Paraguayans, Bolivians and Peruvians can live for years without a valid ID.
And, of course, it's a criminal offense to possess anabolic steroids without a valid prescription.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com