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But the Justice Department thought otherwise, and in December of 1999 it advised the N.S.A. that the plan was tantamount to electronic surveillance under FISA: it was illegal for the N.S.A. to rummage through the phone records of Americans without a probable cause.
The Fourth Amendment's protection of privacy — the right to be left alone from government snooping without a probable cause to believe that crime is afoot — will revive only if the American people return to cherishing liberty more than a risk-free existence.
Federal civil rights lawyers have filed a lawsuit against Meridian, Mississippi and other defendants in which they accuse city officials of operating a "school-to-prison pipeline" that jails students days at a time for minor infractions, without a probable cause hearing.
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According to these criteria, 88.1% of patients carrying the M694I mutation matched the definitive diagnosis, while this was true for only 64.4% of patients without M694I as a probable or suspected diagnosis.
Some air in the bladder lumen without previous catheterization suggested a probable colovesical fistula, which was not directly visualized during excretory phase acquisition (focused sagittal MIP image in b).
Class III: All persons arrested on suspicion of a felony without an arrest warrant and who were detained by the CPD in excess of 48 hours without a judicial probable cause hearing any time from March 15th until the date of certification.
SpA patients as a group were younger and one-third was treated with analgesics/NDSAIDs without any DMARDs, which is a probable explanation for the difference.
In many low-resource settings, CL is diagnosed without laboratory confirmation tests, and a probable CL case has to be identified based solely on the patient history and physical examination.
Do employers have the right to search our bags without any probable cause?
The collection of information without any probable cause is unconstitutional.
This has led the court to craft a "border search exception" to the fourth amendment, permitting the government to search persons and property without a warrant or probable cause when entering the country.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com