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with T d being the daily maximum temperature on day d of the heatwave, T 30y25p and T 30y75p are the 25th and 75th percentile values, respectively, of the time series composed of 30-year annual maximum temperatures within the reference period 1981 2010.
Note that, in order to remove the bias, consisting in a discontinuity between estimation of the two indicators within the reference period (1981 2010) and the ones out-of-base periods35, 36, the HWI and HWMId in the base period have been calculated by means of a bootstrap re-sampling procedure35.
The inserted figure indicates the annual change of publications within the reference period (2000 2017).
Principally, studies containing the key words of the present study (listed in Fig. 1) were examined within the reference period (2000 2017).
In total, there was information on 395,493 children born within the reference period.
Once criteria values were determined, observations from within the reference period were tested against the criteria with a binomial test to ensure the data within the reference period did not exceed the criteria concentration or frequency.
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The excess mortality ratio represents the relative excess mortality within each 5-year calendar period compared with the reference period of 1961 1965 (Dickman et al, 2004).
Of note, the temperature but not AH within the hazard period before they declined was also higher (p < 0.05) compared with the reference periods.
The daily average temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration show a high variance within the different years for the reference period 1991 to 2010 and in all scenario runs (Figure 3).
Each frequency band power was normalized to the reference period activity within that same frequency band.
For most surveys, information on supplement intake was collected within the dietary assessment method and the reference period was the same as for the dietary assessment.
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