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The strata are constructed to minimize the variance within strata, thus maximizing the differences between strata means.
Using a map of carbon content with associated uncertainty, it optimizes stratified random sampling: number of strata, stratum boundaries, total sample size and sample sizes within strata.
Multistage sampling is one of the applications of unequal probability sampling design where the selection of primary units within strata may be done with unequal probability.
We also conducted unadjusted sub-analyses within strata of age, sex, race, ethnicity, and state.
However the plots themselves were chosen with equal probability within strata.
All results of the stratified analyses will be presented as the cumulative risk differences with 95% CI between exposure groups and within strata of each effect-measure modifier.
The assumptions underlying the design-based approaches were observed in the simulated samples; specifically the plots were selected independently using known selection probabilities within strata.
After eligibility checklist (including safety laboratories) was completed, randomized treatment assignment was generated by central computer using permuted blocks within strata.
Based on this information, patients were stratified within facilities on race and sex, and sampled using systematic sampling within strata from an ordered list.
All sampling was random within strata.
Indirect standardization is performed within strata.
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