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However, Voss et al. (1981) noted considerable variation in the morphologic characteristics among stallions and among ejaculates within stallions.
The variation among stallions was highly significant but the variation between ejaculates (within stallions) was not significant.
Furthermore, there was considerable variation between stallions in the prevalence of individual abnormalities although differences within stallions were not significantly different except for abnormal acrosomes (P < 0.05).
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Within-stallion group analysis indicated that the CV values in both T and F sperm were also low (Table 3), while analysis of the between-animal groups found that the percentage CVs were quite high for perimeter (19.2), area (19.8), length (28.9), shape factor 1 (25.8) and shape factor 3 (32.0) for T stallions, but were only high in the case of shape factor 1 (26.1) for F sperm.
Acrosin activity increased with sperm concentration (r2 = 0.75, p < 0.001), and the stallion and the ejaculate within stallion had significant effect on acrosin activity (p < 0.001).
Substantial differences in sperm head shape and size were found within breeds in stallions [ 14, 15], rams [ 16], bulls [ 17], alpacas [ 18], red deer [ 19], and boar [ 20].
The results of this study confirm that there is significant variation in normal sperm head characteristics both within and between various breeds of stallions, including the Thai native crossbred.
Although our knowledge and techniques have improved within the last 20 years, a considerable proportion of stallions are still not suitable for semen freezing.
It was concluded that season and stallion age may affect antioxidant defense systems in stallions' seminal plasma.
Foaling rate varied between stallions.
Sperm morphology varied among stallions with respect to all parameters.
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