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Art and design is about changing the world not just producing more images, objects or working within jobs that already exist".
In other words, manual tasks have lost employment due to decreasing tasks' importance within jobs.
This strongly suggests that lower migrant wages within jobs are an unlikely explanation of the NLH callback advantage.
Thus, it seems highly unlikely that firms will be able to pay natives sufficiently less than migrants within jobs to undo migrants' payroll tax advantage.
This paper contributes a new method of classifying occupations, which is conceptually valid, based as it is on direct evidence of skill use in jobs, and which is therefore responsive to changes in job skills within jobs.
However, the type of functionality most needed may differ between and even within jobs.
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If these two factors roughly cancel each other out, or if within-job wage discrimination is not possible, we should not see within-job wage gaps between natives and migrants, and they cannot help us explain the NLH callback advantage.
In our case, neither method suggests that within-job wage discrimination against migrants can account for their callback advantage.
A second possible source of within-job wage differentials for new hires is related to employer monopsony power.
Compared to (6), (12) has two additional terms reflecting the effect of within-job wage differentials (if any) between natives and migrants.
On the other hand, we have no particular priors about how the extent of within-job upskilling varies with the age of the worker.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com