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These include (1) their low and unstable yields [16, 86]; (2) inadequate policy support [14]; (3) lack of proper quantification (and recognition) of long-term benefits of legumes within cropping systems [82].
The system incorporates slash-and-mulch of native vegetation (rather than slash-and-burn cultivation, which was widely practiced in the area before 1990), and the retention of trees within cropping fields.
The dynamic regulation of both NH4+ and NO3- transporters in N-patch roots demonstrates that roots are able to simultaneously sense and respond to both forms of inorganic N, in ways that are likely to increase root competition with microbial immobilization, nitrification, and denitrification, and conserve N within cropping systems.
However, to drive the increasing frequencies of Cry2Ab resistance alleles in H. punctigera, the hypothesized agent must have increased in efficacy within cropping regions at the time that Bollgard II® was introduced without doing so in the sampled non-cropping areas.
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The conservation of biodiversity within cropped fields, through tolerating low weed populations, would complement un-cropped wildlife refuges and increase the functional diversity of the farmed landscape.
Importantly, alpha and gamma diversities of native perennials from the pristine Pampa grassland increased with landscape complexity within cropped fields.
Open areas adjoining wood lots provide feeding habitats for Great grey shrike Lanius excubitor L., while wet areas within cropped fields provide summer habitats for amphibians when damaging agricultural operations cease.
The third experiment was designed to model secondary, within-crop spread of phytoplasmas, since the source plants were treated, in an attempt to prevent phytoplasma acquisition.
For lapwing, the difference was only partly due to differences in crop type, but differences in within-crop factors (probably as a result of crop management) were likely to have had an effect as well.
Differences in territory densities between the two farm types were explained examining the effects of three factors on territory densities: (1) non-crop habitats, (2) crop types and (3) within-crop factors.
Cultivar mixtures are a straightforward way to increase within-crop diversity, but they have so far been poorly used by farmers and they are not encouraged by advisory services.
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