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Nothing occurred if starlings withheld response.
Response to RAFi + {Di} (first and second column) and AKTi + {Di} (third and fourth column) is withheld from the training set and the withheld response is predicted.
In that study, such cue-selective activity was substantially stronger if, on some trials, the series of stimuli contained the potential distraction of repeated nontargets; in that task, the monkey withheld response to repeated nontargets, awaiting a repetition of the specific sample presented at trial onset.
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Participants performed a sustained attention to response task in which they responded to frequent "nontargets" (digits 0 9) and withheld responses for infrequent "targets" (the letter X).
When errors were punished by enforced trial length, children with ADHD withheld responses as well as controls but did not benefit from extra time to improve efficiency [ 14].
The main effect of trial outcome (i.e., 'go' greater than 'no-go') is due to the fact that, on average, withheld responses result from lower levels of evidence accumulation than executed responses (i.e., trials in which the accumulated evidence reaches the threshold).
Starlings initiated stimulus playback by probing a response port with their beak and had 2 s after stimulus completion to probe a second response port or withhold response.
No nation...could withhold response indefinitely to an unrelenting siege of its civilian population....We can only hope that one day soon Gazans will wake up and realize that, as long as a terrorist group remains in power, they have chosen a dead-end strategy".
The subject's task was to perform the motion discrimination as quickly as possible, but withhold responses when the stop signal occurred.
In addition, subjects were asked to respond with their right hand and to withhold responses until cued.
Likewise, Cavina-Pratesi et al. [19] addressed whether the redundant target effect occurs as late as a motor stage of processing, using a task where subjects had to withhold responses on trials with stop-signals.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com