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The key control parameter of continuous casting is matching the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the withdrawal speed of the strand out of the mold.
Many continuous casters contain sensors in the mold for automatically synchronizing the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the strand withdrawal speed.
Withdrawal speed is controlled by driven rolls, which contact the strand at a point where it has already developed a thick, solidified shell.
The withdrawal speed of 3.3 mm/s was used.
A dip-coating technique was adopted at a low withdrawal speed of 100 μm s−1.
The film thickness is controlled by number of coating withdrawal speed and solution chemistry.
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Coating thicknesses ranging from 1 μm–5 μm were obtained by varying the withdrawal speeds.
Three different batches of OCLPFGs were produced using different withdrawal speeds and sol viscosities.
The films were made by depositing different number of layers (1, 3 and 5) at different withdrawal speeds (5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 cm/min).
The colored films were obtained on glass substrates using a handmade spin and dip coating apparatus and various rotation and withdrawal speeds (1,500 to 2,500 rev/min or 5 to 12 cm/min, respectively).
The clean glass substrates were dipped vertically and carefully into the sol, left for a short time, and withdrawn from the bath at withdrawal speeds in the range of 1 to 10 mm/s.
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