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One key challenge arose from translating the questionnaire into different languages – which was done centrally, with validation checks by native speakers, who worked on the project – and particularly translating harmonised questions about residence status and residence permits.
Coded texts were then translated into English, coded by the lead author with validation checks by SAM and PJW.
The survey was designed to be easy to answer with validation checks for each response and used skipping logic to make the survey easy and efficient to answer.
Milestones were clearly defined (figure 1) at the start and data was manually reviewed against stored documents with validation checks in SAS used to minimise data entry errors.
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Personal identification (name, age, address and citizen ID number), sociodemographic information, screening test result, results of colonoscopy and other investigations, treatment details and follow-up information were collected in specifically developed forms and entered in a multiuser programme database with inbuilt validation checks called CRCreg developed by the IARC.
This, together with integrating other variables such as providing raw data with a validation check would be helpful.
The adopted stepwise methodology included multiple validation checks with experts.
Quantitative data was entered into an Epi-data (version 3.1) database which was designed with appropriate controls and validation checks.
Central Registry confirms data with member registries, runs validation checks and then runs statistical monitoring in early April.
All data were double entered into Epidata version 3.1 software, with range, consistency, and validation checks embedded to aid data cleaning.
These two simple tasks ensure both the automatic construction of personalized forms – together with online validation check procedures – and a smooth linkage between them and the database internal structure.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com