The Pramana-varttika is written in about 2,000 stanzas of mnemonic verse, and its four chapters deal, respectively, with inference, valid knowledge, sense perception, and syllogism.
As with Dharmakīrti, Śāntarakṣita describes valid knowledge or valid cognitions as instants of new knowledge in the sense that the cognizer knows newly something which to that point was unknown.
Four means of valid knowledge are admitted: perception, inference, comparison, and verbal testimony.
Nagarjuna also directed criticism against the concept of pramana, or the means of valid knowledge.
In their epistemology, they viewed sense perception alone as a means of valid knowledge.
Ultimately, human subjectivity determines what should be regarded as (true and universally valid) knowledge.
Deep beliefs and assumptions, however, would ideally require longitudinal ethnographic observations to provide valid knowledge.
However, some saw professionals as not having valid knowledge about drugs and hence discredited their advice.
He was travelling with valid documents".
But that shouldn't stop people with valid home businesses.
