Infants are paired up with surrogate mothers.
These actors also provide the dogs with surrogate hands with which to hold food, books and other items.
"There's no special disciplinary problem with surrogate judges as opposed to any other kind of judge," Mr. Tembeckjian said.
In a separate case, police believe a Japanese man fathered at least 15 babies with surrogate mothers for unknown motives.
In the classroom and the cockpit, company members say, generations have melded, surrogate fathers bonding with surrogate sons, veterans with rookies.
This is Generations of Hope, a nonprofit adoption agency that has designed a community to resemble a nurturing small town, complete with surrogate grandparents.
By publishing Alex Kuczynski's wildly self-absorbed account of her "adventure" with surrogate pregnancy, The New York Times does a disservice to couples who have wrestled with the heartache of infertility.
Lane Janger, a New York filmmaker and actor, always wanted children, so he and his partner went to Growing Generations, an agency in Beverly Hills, Calif., that specializes in connecting gay men with surrogate mothers.
At the same time, adoption agencies, sperm banks and organizations that work with surrogate mothers have become more sensitive to gays and lesbians, said Rebecca Isaacs, director of policy and public affairs at the Los Angeles Gay & Lesbian Center.
Thai authorities are now asking all foreign couples leaving the country with surrogate children to produce proof of custody after a recent spate of surrogacy scandals has forced police to clamp down on the largely unregulated industry.
Mary Beth Cahill, Mr. Kerry's campaign manager, said the Democrats would go after female voters by having Mr. Kerry talk about issues like stem-cell research, and with surrogate tours of swing states by military mothers and Sept. 11 widows.
