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In females, the gene transcription for these markers was reduced and was associated with reduced fertility [86].
Epidemiological links of hypospadias and cryptorchidism with reduced fertility (Skakkebaek et al. 2001), and the observations of reduced insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) (Bay et al. 2007) and increased gonadotropin levels (Suomi et al. 2006) in cryptorchid boys compared with healthy boys supports an associated testicular dysfunction in these disorders.
Some unalterable factors were associated with reduced fertility: nonwhite race, testicular surgery, older age, a mumps infection after age 13 and a two-week fever within the last three months.
However, salpingectomy can be associated with reduced fertility as well.
It is well established that deficiency of dietary essential fatty acids is associated with reduced fertility, and sperm phospholipids are characterized by high proportions of long-chain PUFA [21] [25] (Table S1).
The one tested hypothesis is that ultra-rare variants in the X-linked microRNAs predispose to schizophrenia, consistent with reduced fertility in schizophrenia and consequent elimination of high risk X-linked mutations within a few generations [26].
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Another possibility to consider is that chromosomal rearrangements could be selected for as secondary saeptation steps, i.e. simply because they would reduce fertility of a saeptated group when they breed with the ancestral group, even if it would initially also involve some reduced fertility with the rest of that founder group.
There are two obvious pathways that could lead to reduced fertility with reduction in MSH7 expression.
Animal studies have indicated that prenatal exposure to POPs as PCBs, dioxins and p,p'-DDE is associated with reduced male fertility [ 19- 24], whereas the effect of POPs on human fertility is still controversial [ 25, 26], and therefore an integrated risk assessment of EDs is needed [ 27].
We have previously shown that reduced fertility in females with CAH is mainly attributable to social and sexual issues (13), but very little is known about these issues in males with CAH.
We previously reported some reduced fertility in male mice with only preliminary investigation in female mice [13].
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