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The large number of families needed in discovering genetic variants with modest effect sizes is difficult to attain.
A study with seventh and eighth grade students in Taiwan and the United States (Clark et al. 2011) showed significant pre-post gains with modest effect sizes.
Common variations with modest effect in complex and polygenic disease such as premature ovarian failure (POF) can be detected by a genome wide association study.
This framework has a potential to largely improve the power of current GWAS to identify more DSL, particularly those with modest effect size.
Dupuis et al. estimated that MTNR1B, GCK and GCKR were associated to T2D with modest effect sizes of 1.06 1.09 [48], so our result may be explained by a lack of power due to the small sample size.
Studies were of low quality with modest effect sizes (mean of 6% reduction in prescription rates).
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Our conclusions are also consistent with those of Goldie et al. [ 52] who argued that even adherence interventions with modest effects may be cost effective, and Freedberg et al. [ 53] who showed that a nurse-led adherence intervention was cost-effective with a cost per QALY of $14,100 compared to usual care.
Further studies using large-scale datasets and refined pathway knowledge are highly demanded, which could increase the effectiveness in detecting pathways with modest effects.
Genetic association studies, in which the allele or genotype frequencies at markers are determined in affected individuals and compared with those of controls (either population- or family-based), may be an effective approach to detecting the effects of common variants with modest effects.
Most genetic variants associated with T2D are common variants with modest effects on T2D and are shared with major ancestry groups.
It is likely that relatively common genetic variants with modest effects on pancreatic cancer risk play an important role in both familial and sporadic forms of the disease, either individually or in interaction with environmental factors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com