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c Migration between geographical or host populations was estimated using an isolation with migration model in the program Migrate implemented by SNAP Workbench [68].
A single locus analysis of divergence with gene-flow under the Isolation with Migration model was therefore conducted.
To discriminate between the relative effects of divergence and gene flow on the speciation process, we analysed our data set under the Isolation with Migration model [45].
We use a Bayesian coalescent analysis of gene flow under the Isolation with Migration model using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers together with climate-based ecological niche models to better understand the genetic structure of A. transcaspicus in the Mediterranean.
We have used the isolation with migration model [29], which is a Markov chain Monte Carlo calculation using DNA sequence data to estimate the relative effects of migration and isolation on genetic diversity in a pair of populations.
IMa is a coalescent-based method that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and applies the isolation with migration model to estimate the time of divergence (t), genetic diversities (θ1, θ2, and ancestral θA), and migration rates (m1/μ and m2/μ) between two populations assumed to have shared a common ancestor.
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The isolation-with-migration model (Nielsen and Wakeley, 2001) was one of the most common models to infer demographic scenarios, under which different methods could be used to trace the evolutionary history of the genetic variation.
Finally, modern and ancestral effective population sizes were also inferred under the isolation-with-migration model implemented in the software IM v. 31 July 2006 [23], [49], [50].
Unlike the methods described above, the isolation-with-migration model compares populations in pairwise fashion; shared ancestry and gene flow are therefore accounted for.
Estimates of growth rates under the isolation-with-migration model, which simultaneously accounts for population structure and gene flow, are consistent with our inference of an increase in the effective size of sub-Saharan African populations.
Note, however, that our ABC and IM results are not strictly comparable because they employ different demographic models; in particular, the isolation-with-migration model incorporates the effects of past gene flow and shared ancestry among populations.
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