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When two tethered males were offered, females preferred those with higher dominance index.
For example, an invader with higher dominance than all of three resident species will have random Ri stratified in the bottom quartile of set limits Rmin to Rmax.
With higher dominance of Cry2Ab resistance (DLC = 0.3 or 0.5), sprayed refuges of 20% non-Bt cotton in addition to non-cotton refuges delayed resistance ≥8 years at Guider, ≤11 years at Tcholliré, and ≤8 years at Djalingo (Fig. 3B, Table S3).
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From a practical point of view it shows that it is probably not a good idea to put two animals with high dominance scores in the same enclosure a discovery that addresses the question which started the research.
For example, areas with high dominance of palms, important features of the estuarine landscape, tend to have lower potential for timber management.
Furthermore, traits associated with high dominance ability may be disadvantageous in the absence of competition, and may therefore reduce r (Vøllestad and Quinn 2003).
Other genomic models including breed-specific effects of SNP alleles or dominance (Ibánez-Escriche et al. 2009; Zeng et al. 2013) were described and were found to outperform an additive model only in specific cases, e.g., with high dominance levels or when the number of SNPs is small relative to the size of the training population.
Therefore, traits with high dominance or epistatic variance might not respond to selection, even when they have large fitness effects, and the probability and rate of adaptive evolution in hybrid populations might be constrained by the genetic basis of transgressive traits.
Males with larger badge average higher dominance rank according to a recent meta-analysis [32].
G. aculeatus males with brighter red throats enjoy higher dominance status [ 51], have an increased tendency to attack other males [ 52, 53], and are less frequently attacked by competitors [ 54– 57], so we expected males to increase effort placed in signalling under high density conditions.
By contrast, in β 2−/− mice, NE depletion led to a 33% decrease in the duration of social contact (P=0.0007) and a 43% decrease in the number of follow sequences (P=0.0002; Fig. 1 A, B). β 2−/− mice exhibited higher dominance scores compared with C57BL/6 mice (P=0.02) but a similar low level of aggressiveness (P=0.3317).
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