Historically, the in vivo detection of changes to dental root morphology such as those associated with external root resorption (ERR) during the course of orthodontic treatment or related to trauma has been mainly through use of two-dimensional (2D) radiographs, most notably periapical radiographs [1]-[3].
Pretreatment differences in the bony support of the lower incisors in hyperdivergent individuals carry negative consequences associated with orthodontic treatment, with an increase in external root resorption rate and a higher frequency of the tooth penetrating the buccal or lingual cortical plate.
Some degree of external root resorption is inevitably associated with fixed appliance treatment, although the extent is unpredictable.21 Resorption may occur on the apical and lateral surface of the roots, but radiographs only show apical resorption to a certain degree.
Hair follicle stem cells located in external root sheaths were defined as stem cells of skin, with the ability to differentiate into hair follicles, sebaceous glands and keratinocytes.
All teeth were examined in a stereomicroscope under ×16 magnification, and teeth with cracks, fractures, root canal calcification, and external root resorption were excluded.
External root resorption following bleaching of pulpless teeth with oxygen peroxide.
After this period, the external root surfaces of the specimens were completely covered with three coats of nail polish, except for an area of 2.0 mm around the root apex.
Al-Nazhan S. External root resorption after bleaching: a case report.
The remaining dentin thickness measurements were made from the root canal wall to the external root surface along the root using the "3D SurfaceDistance module" of the software.
A careful examination of the gingival margins under the loupe may identify external root resorption.
The robustness of this topology was further checked using different phylogeny algorithms (Neighbour-Joining and Maximum Likelihood) or rooting the tree with external sequences from other SDR families (SDR1E, SDR6E, SDR31E).
