After visiting the city (c. 129), the emperor Hadrian declared it a civitas libera ("free city"), and it was later granted by the emperor Caracalla the title of colonia, with exemption from taxes.
The coveted title rewards a nimble mind and, typically, academic celebrity, with exemption from departmental politics (university professors report directly to the president), freedom to teach classes in any subject and, at Harvard at least, twice the salary of an ordinary professor.
Hooker maintains that when the people are Christians there is no "personal separation" between Church and State, and that the secular ruler is then (in some sense) the head of the Church, with sole authority to call church assemblies, with a veto over their legislation, with authority to appoint bishops and other officials, with exemption from excommunication.
The state of Tennessee offered to provide the location rent-free, with exemption from the state's 6 percent state sales tax.
Data were provided by CCMP with exemption from the University of Florida Institutional Review Board.
Communities in other states, like New Jersey, California, Hawaii, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, Texas and Utah, also make parents pay for transportation to and from school, with exemptions for the poor.
He pushed hard for — and ultimately won — legislation that will provide A.E.G. with procedural exemptions from the California Environmental Quality Act.
But in recent years, even with the exemptions from federal labor laws, competition under the global free-trade regime has devastated apparel exports, threatening to undercut the pending wage growth.
Richard Epstein of the Hoover Institution puts a finer point on this libertarian unease with religiously based exemptions from generally applicable laws.
