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On Earth, even with continuous evolution, by 3.45 Ga chemotrophic microorganisms living in, or on, volcanic substrates were still very small, <1 μm in size (Figs. 2d, 2f, 4h, and 11d) (Westall et al., 2006b, 2011a).
Thus, from a traditional perspective, rare events are interspersed with continuous evolution that are not really part of this continuous evolution, and we are lucky to have such events at all because they are crucial for long-term evolution, yet apparently, according to the traditional view, evolution does very well without them in the "in between" periods.
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Hybrid system class, which includes systems with piecewise continuous evolution and whose changes are related to the evolution of discrete variables are classically structured in three different levels, the controller, the system and the interface.
Safer and broadly protective vaccines are needed to cope with the continuous evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and promising approaches based on the expression of multiple hemagglutinins (HA) in a virus-like particle (VLP) have been proposed.
In recent years, with the continuous evolution of the energy system, renewable energy and distributed generation (DG) have been applied widely, and this has promoted rapid development of microgrid technology.
The robots interact autonomously in an asynchronous fashion, leading to a complex dynamic system in continuous evolution with dependencies among parameters that make theoretical studies of specialization quite difficult in real cases.
Shizophrenia is a long-lasting condition with either episodic or continuous evolution that can result in physical, psychological, and social problems related to both the disease itself and the potential side-effects of treatments.
Over the course of the study period, VRC01-lineage clades showed continuous evolution, with rates of ∼2 substitutions per 100 nucleotides per year, comparable to that of HIV-1 evolution.
Finally, the results of the frequency sweep show that the damping factor presents a maximum against frequency, corresponding to a continuous evolution with concentration from viscous to elastic nature.
Human Alu subfamilies exhibit continuous evolution with potential drivers sprouting new Alu lineages.
If so, today's cold environments would be enriched with basal lineages with a long history of continuous evolution in the cold.
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