The stronger association seen with current area characteristics, as compared with childhood and young adulthood, provides some support for the role of adult environmental factors in maintaining and facilitating greater physical activity and healthy diet.
Understanding urban mobility patterns and their connections with different area characteristics is a traditional topic in urban studies, considering its importance for the planning and management of urban facilities, transportation systems, and services.
However, some changes were associated with other area characteristics, either the existence of other government sponsored 'area-based initiatives', or the extent of deprivation, or the proportion of minority ethnic groups, or variability in housing or deprivation.
This will provide us with the individual and area characteristics associated with improvements in distance travelled and, in particular, will enable us to investigate the role of age.
The primary sampling units were based on town land aggregates, with stratification by area characteristics and region, 400 such clusters were systematically selected using a random national starting point.
The results are presented as HR with 95% CI by quintiles of area characteristics, with the most favourable quintile as the reference group.
Hierarchical models were also constructed to investigate the associations of area characteristics with suicide both before and after controlling for all other characteristics.
This research addresses the following questions: What are the individual life-cycle, household, neighborhood and metropolitan area characteristics associated with residential mobility?
For the 250×250 m area, mortality increased linearly (p values for trend <0.001) with increasing quintiles of both area characteristics (figure 1).
