With such a large intervention affecting a fourth of the population in the targeted age group, there is bound to have been some "leakage" of information to the control group.
The results of this study may be important for the design of a larger intervention trial with calcium supplementation with fracture as the main outcome.
Study design used to evaluate feedback varied according to whether the feedback was the single aim of evaluation, or the feedback was only part of a larger intervention with the aim of evaluating other means of quality improvement as well.
Among the 15 meta-analyses with binary outcome data, 8 yielded a larger intervention effect for split-mouth RCTs (none with evidence for a difference between the two estimates) and 6 a larger intervention effect for parallel-arm RCTs (2 with evidence for a difference between the two estimates) (see Additional file 2).
Among the 19 meta-analyses with continuous outcome data, 8 yielded a larger intervention effect for split-mouth RCTs (2 with evidence for a difference between the two estimates) and 9 a larger intervention effect for parallel-arm RCTs (4 with evidence for a difference between the two estimates) (see Additional file 2).
Using this instrument in the standard nursing care plans of older patients with hip fracture was part of a larger intervention program for delirium [ 29].
The recent AHRQ/NIH report shows that development of successful preventive strategies requires a more refined knowledge of risk and protective factors for dementia and AD as well as a validation of the observational studies with large intervention studies [ 7].
To establish unambiguously the effectiveness of Embrace, a design was developed with a large contrast between intervention and care as usual, with a focus on stratification and blinded randomization of participants, selection of valid and reliable measurement instruments that are sensitive for change, control for confounders, and an adequate sample size.
Studies with large intervention effects gave low p values despite their high standard errors, and studies with p < 0.05 were more likely to be published.
For boys, the FUn Group reported significantly more positive responses than the Comparison Group, with medium to large intervention effects for peer problems, prosocial behaviour and other-group orientation.
