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A step-wise imputation technique was applied to impute all missing test values in the integrated dataset to obtain a new, imputed, comprehensive dataset (all variables, all sites).
Although imputation accuracy was in general high, SNP-wise imputation accuracy is relevant also.
For some genomic applications (e.g. genome-wide association (GWA) studies), SNP-wise imputation accuracy is relevant to prevent the propagation of genotyping errors.
Impute: impute: Imputation for microarray data.
In the above analyses, the missing data for one patient's first pre-treatment scan (three tumours) were dealt with using list-wise deletion or imputation (from the second scan) as appropriate, with the aim of maximising the amount of data available, while minimising bias.
Missing data were addressed by case-wise deletion rather than imputation.
Secondly, step-wise unsupervised and supervised imputation (the latter accounting for the 'clinical truth' as determined by cystoscopy) was performed using personalized modelling, k-nearest-neighbour methods, multiple logistic regression and multilayer perceptron neural networks.
Another related technique is 'class-wise'or 'multiple'mean-value imputation, where the averages are computed separately for the two classes.
The use of list-wise deletion and/or demographic-only imputation may produce significant distortion in estimating national levels of certain health conditions.
The use of list-wise respondent deletion and/or demographic imputation results in the underestimation of severe depression among adults in the USA.
As one can see, the pattern of results remains the same between the case-wise deletion procedure and the multiple imputation procedure.
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