In general, batch processes cover two-directional dynamics, in which the batch-wise dynamics are related to different operation modes, while the time-wise variations correspond to different phases within each batch.
In the 'pair-wise comparison dynamics' strategy adoption rule [13] for any agent i, a neighboring agent j was selected randomly, and agent i used the strategy of agent j with a probability of pi.
Few theoretical studies have examined the impact of a third species with a fixed trait on the focal pair-wise coevolutionary dynamics [20] [22], or on coevolution in three species [23] [26].
In the three strategy adoption rules we applied initially ('best-takes-over', 'pair-wise comparison dynamics' and 'proportional updating') all agents were myopic, and made their decisions based on the average payoffs gained in the previous round.
In Prisoner's Dilemma and Hawk-Dove games our agents followed three imitation-type, short-term strategy adoption rules, the 'pair-wise comparison dynamics' (also called as 'replicator dynamics'proportionalonal updating' and 'best-takes-over' (also called as 'imitation of the best') strategy adoption rules [13].
The model also exhibited trial-wise switch dynamics that were very similar to that of the monkeys.
The pair-wise response dynamics between these variables can be plotted with the estimated coefficient matrices and the error variance-covariance matrix.
As utilized here, we recognized species units as groups of individuals that have shared a history of largely exclusive ancestry and group-wise evolutionary dynamics as demonstrated by congruence between exclusive lineages of alleles, genetic clustering in space, and a consistently discriminable morphotype (or other phenotypic traits, e.g. their niche).
While Steffi was wise to these dynamics, it was a little more in the way of curve for Martyn, who prior to their work had only ever collaborated with vocalists performing over his tracks—never in tandem with another producer.
In addition, modeling on worm propagation in smartphones is particularly challenging because it is difficult to piece together dynamics from pair-wise device interactions.
Then, we focus on a particular HPN model, namely the First-Order Hybrid Petri Net (FOHPN) model, whose continuous dynamics are piece-wise constant.
