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This indicated the Cu is transferred from the wire surface and disassociated onto the material surface.
Consequently, an additional tensile stress would build up on the wire surface and dramatically increase the surface energy.
Due to electron scattering on copper wire surface and grain boundary, the resistivity of a copper wire will increase rapidly when the interconnect feature size becomes smaller than 45 nm [1].
Driven by the nanocurvature effect, as shown in Fig. 2b, the atoms at the free end would prefer to either diffuse (migrate) to the wire sidewall or escape from the wire surface, and thus, a preferential axial shrinkage of nanowire occurred.
This gradual destruction of materials resulting from chemical reactions can have several adverse effects such as the release of elements from metals, roughening of the wire surface, and weakening of appliances, which can lead to mechanical failure or even fracture of the orthodontic materials.
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Its intensity depended upon the features of wire surfaces and implant materials.
The possibility of tuning the band gap and width of SiNWs is determined by controlling the chemical composition and the coverage density of the wire surface area, and it has been regarded as an easier and effective route for tuning.
Conventional fluxing operation is done on wire surface using zinc and ammonium chloride mixture before dipping in molten zinc bath.
These wires were simultaneously submitted to a microwave electromagnetic wave propagating at the wire surface, Joule heating and circumferential static magnetic field.
A porous aluminum layer with a thickness of 100 120 μm can be attached on the wire surface after EPD and thermal treatment.
Furthermore, environmental factors such as relative air humidity, relative air density and wire surface equivalent roughness coefficient will influence hybrid electric field along the long transmission line from west to east China.
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