An alternative hypothesis is that mosquitoes were carried by wind from breeding sites in southern Mali, a mode of dispersal that has been described for other species of mosquitoes (13 ).
But migrating moths manage to cover huge distances at night by riding high-speed gusts of wind toward their breeding site.
Bird routes closely followed the low-cost "wind-highways" linking breeding and wintering areas.
The multimodel inference approach used here suggested that incubation shift length was influenced by the egg volume index, partner's previous shift, timing of breeding, and wind speed.
The factors contributing to the micro-epidemiology of malaria, including the substantial variation in malaria risk between neighboring villages 7, 8 or even households 9 are still not fully understood but include variation in distance from the nearest mosquito breeding site, wind direction, and human genetic factors.
Meanwhile, the introduction of machinery like harvesters and wind generators, as well as breeding stations, greatly promoted the efficiency of animal husbandry (Lin and Zheng 1990).
Differences in wind speed and precipitation between breeding sites is consistent with different nest morphologies.
The major hypotheses on wind energy-induced effects on breeding, wintering and passaging birds in the open landscape are summarized in Table 2.
Those caribou migrate from south of the Brooks Range to the Arctic coastal plain for breeding; there, constant winds eliminate insects, and the caribou can see its enemy, the wolf, at a great distance.
Our results indicate that, for a generalist species breeding in an agricultural landscape, wind turbine proximity has negligible effects on reproductive success.
