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The beetles used in this experiment came from a willow plantation with high densities of the beetle situated in an agricultural area with several willow plantations northwest of Stockholm (59°40'N, 17°30'E).
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On 62 polar and willow plantations in south-west Germany and in the northern part of France, the water availability in millimetre and the yields in tonsdm after the first three-year rotation were measured.
No herbicides or pesticides are used in willow plantations.
We will propose two main explanations to why leaf beetle populations fluctuated more in willow plantations.
Predator density was, however, more variable among natural stands than among willow plantations (Fig. 3).
We first compared CV and PV between willow plantations and natural stands using t-tests (PROC MEANS in SAS).
The results showed that the leaf beetle P. vulgatissima had a greater temporal population variability and outbreak risk in willow plantations than in natural willow habitats.
Density of the leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima showed greater temporal variability in willow plantations than in natural willow stands during the study period (1999 2005).
The positive relationship between stand area and predator density in willow plantations suggest, however, that increased plantation size may have a positive effect on the predator populations.
In willow plantations, competition is reduced mainly because plants grow close enough for beetle larvae to move to another plant when foliage is consumed.
There was also a negative correlation between leaf beetles and predators in the natural habitat, which was not observed in willow plantations.
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