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The metal form is slightly paramagnetic, meaning its magnetic dipoles align with external magnetic fields, but will assume random orientations once the field is removed.
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Because we will assume that random errors are independent, the probabilities of generating VP and VS are independent between grid cells.
Consequently, P-values obtained using tests which assume random allocation will not be correct when a DA algorithm was used.
Based on the level of engagement of pilot participants, minimal loss to follow-up is expected, but we will impute assuming random missing-ness if needed.
In a deterioration model, we assume that the system breaks down when the degree of deterioration attains a certain non-negative threshold Y (which we will assume to be random and independent of the process ( X ( t ), t ≥ 0 ) ), that is, the lifetime of the device is ρ = inf { t ≥ 0 : X ( t ) ≥ Y }.
If l < N when a packet loss is detected via three dupacks, TCP CERL will assume the loss to be random rather than congestive.
In this section we will assume that the host is an AR random signal which is generated as described in Section 4 by the all-pole filter.
We will assume these missing data are "missing at random" [ 15].
We will assume data will be missing completely at random (MCAR) in order to enable imputation of missing data using standard techniques.
(1)We will assume that the log odds have a sire-level random effect: ψ i j = α + β i , β i ∼ N (0, τ 2 ) .
This large variation is the consequence of the specific sequence of states the system will assume during the simulation on the basis of the assigned random value.
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