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The difference between the mean of the cultured population distribution and the optimal trait in the wild (i.e., the trait value that maximizes fitness in the natural selection function; the wild trait distribution itself is dynamical) represents the degree to which the cultured individuals are maladapted to the wild environment.
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The correlation occurred between wild traits, crop-mimic traits, and wild and crop-mimic traits (Table 2).
The parental lines US1 and EM93-1 were divergent in phenotype for the six wild traits, which varied in segregation pattern in the F2 population.
In Lauragais, we saw every now and then, off-type plants, showing wild traits growing on the rows of otherwise uninfested sunflower fields.
Of the 14 QTL clusters (CL), one encompasses the QTL for crop-mimic (CL5), two contain the QTL for wild traits (CL4.2 and CL7.2), and the remaining 11 have QTL for both wild and crop mimic traits.
This research confirmed the previous observation that wild traits are interrelated phenotypically (Gu et al. 2005c) and also revealed that the phenotypic correlation is common between wild and crop-mimic traits in weedy rice.
For example, SD was correlated with the other five wild traits and also with the two crop-mimic traits FT and SW; and the two vegetative growth-related traits PHR and TNR were negatively correlated (r = -0.21).
Weedy rice, the Oryza genus plants adapted to rice-growing areas, retained some wild traits (e.g., strong seed dormancy) and also developed crop mimicries for agronomic traits such as plant height (Oka 1988; Delouche et al. 2007).
Methods used to measure the wild traits—seed shattering (SH), seed dormancy (SD), awn (AN), and hull color (HC were similar to those previously described (Gu et al. 2005a).
Weedy sunflower populations have been reported since the 1970s (Faure et al. 2002; Holec et al. 2005; Vischi et al. 2006), and have been more precisely described through field surveys in France and Spain (Muller et al. 2009): they show typical wild traits (e.g. pigmentation, seed dormancy, strong branching), in combination with domesticated traits.
A total of 26 QTL were identified for 16 traits from a cross between a japonica cultivar and a japonica-like weedy rice line from France (Bres-Patry et al. 2001) and 20 QTL identified for five wild traits from a cross between an indica cultivar and a Thailand indica-like weedy rice line (Gu et al. 2005a; Ye et al. 2010).
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