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Unfed adult females of I. ricinus ticks were inoculated with virus under a stereo zoom microscope (Wild M 400, Wild Heerbrugg AG, Switzerland) into the coaxial plate of the second pair of legs using a digital microinjector TM system (MINJ-D-CE; Tritech Research, Inc.; USA).
1/*Genepools: A = Andean wild or cultivated, C = Colombian wild, M = Mesoamerican wild or cultivated.
Here, ANOVA analysis revealed a weak tendency (r 2 = 0.15, p = 0.09) for the Balkan and East Europe cultivars macrohaplotypes, as compared to wine Western cultivars, to be closer to the wild M macrohaplotypes.
Studying phylogenetic patterns among the haplotypes, we could only found a weak tendency of the H macrohaplotypes of cultivars from Eastern regions cultivars, as compared to Western cvs, to be closer to the wild M macrohaplotypes.
Because the M and S molecular forms are both primary malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, and rates of natural P. falciparum infection in wild M and S mosquitoes are equivalent (Wondji et al. 2005; Ndiath et al. 2008; Trout Fryxell et al. 2012), Plasmodium-driven selective pressure, if it exists, should be shared among these subgroups.
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Three models were tested: 1) no migration between cultivated and wild carrots (m WC = m CW = 0); 2) symmetric migration (m WC = m CW = m); and 3) asymmetric migration.
Wild H. m. rosina were collected in Gamboa, Panama (09°07'N/79°42'W) and H. m. melpomene were collected in Darien, Panama (09°10'N/78°43'W).
Of the six CNVs identified as putative private variants in the wild M. m. domesticus population, only three are seen in any classical laboratory strain (overlap by 1 bp), while all six are seen in the wild-derived strains.
There were also different levels of sequence coverage per mouse, with the wild M. m. domesticus from Corsica (Mmd1) yielding the poorest coverage, and also displaying the lowest number of clusters.
We analyzed sequence diversity in this set of lncRNAs using the genome sequences of ten wild M. m. castaneus aligned to the NCBIM37 mouseouse reference genome (Halligan et al. 2013).
The 11 pairs with fewer than 10 differences consisted of groups of substrains (BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He, DBA/1, SJL), which only differ due to genetic drift, and two wild M. m. castaneus mice (IN17 and IN47) that were trapped at nearby sites.
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