Roots were absent or detected rarely in the larger diameter classes (5 < 10, ≥10 mm) and width zones (0.5 < 1.0, ≥1.0 m), and therefore, diameter was reduced to three classes for root mass (<2, 2 < 5, ≥5 mm) and root length (1 < 2, 2 < 5, ≥5 mm), and width from the trees was reduced to two classes (0 < 0.5, ≥0.5 m).
The considered damage is in a form of through-width zone of crushed core accompanied by a residual dent in the face sheet.
It was concluded that changing shoulder width, recovery-zone width or junction density may be applied for promoting the SER concept and may affect travel speeds, yet a fine-tuning of existing design guidelines is required.
These new models have in common to require a finite width low-viscosity zone underneath the fault zone.
In addition, we note in Fig. 4 that the shapes of the spectra cover the fault zone width, indicating the zone width size as well as fracturing in the fault line boundary of the measured fault segment.
CALINE4 defines the mixing zone width as the roadway width plus 3 m on both sides.
For similar reasons, we did not account for the mixing zone width, and assumed a width of 30 m, which suits many larger roads.
Currently, there are no guidelines in place for establishment of fixed-width buffer zones to protect semi-aquatic animals in Hong Kong.
In this model the width of microcracked zone, which is called the width of fracture process zone, is the additional parameter of tensile concrete.
Estimation of the metastable zone width has been explored by using models based on the fact that metastable zone width is determined by the nucleation mechanisms acting within a crystallizer.
