Poor control of hot strip mill loopers degrades strip width and gauge, and may even lead to mill breakdowns due to instability.
Assuming hindlimb proportions common to basal ornithischians [28] [34], a hip height of 1.2 m, and taking into account differences in foot posture, we estimate that limb abduction angle ranged between 22° at maximum gauge width (46 cm) and −9° at minimum gauge width (−4 cm), in which the feet stepped across the midline (Fig. 4B).
In resting traces, the implied gauge width is approximately 62% the combined length of the metatarsus and pes; gauge width is twice this in the rippled portion of the trackway (120%).
The specimens were cut according to IS: 2808 1984 A4, (100 mm length, 10 mm width and the gauge space 50 mm).
Description: High abrasive lateral attrition leads to increased wear of the inner rail surface, which means increase of track gauge width.
An 18 gauge (width 1.2 mm, cutting depth 2.2 cm) spring loaded, cutting needle (Bard®, Monopty® Percutaneous biopsy instrument; C.R. Bard-Inc., Billerica, MA) was used.
The influences of the bolt gauge width, slenderness of tubular columns and bolt size details on the strengths of the connections in three failure modes are reported.
The geometric parameters were varied as the bolt gauge width, the tube wall slenderness, the bolt size and the tube sidewall depth.
Sleepers are the primary structural components that provide the necessary gauge width and the structural stability to the ballasted railway track.
It is shown that the bolt gauge width and the tube wall slenderness have significant influences on the failure mode, the tensile capacity and stiffness which prompt two design parameters; namely, bolt gauge width to tube width ratio and the tube wall thickness-to-half wall width ratio (Ψ0), in quantifying most influential geometric details of the connection.
