However, inadequate soil nitrogen should be the most widespread selection pressure in operation for both subspecies, irrespective of their locations.
Furthermore, widespread use of DDT would probably promote selection for resistance in mosquitoes, so the benefits of its use would be short-lived.
Many novel loci affecting aggressive behavior have been implicated from widespread correlated responses in gene expression to selection for divergent levels of aggressive behavior [ 26, 27].
However, while our analysis extends previous observations that large effect eQTL are nonrandomly distributed, we found mixed evidence for widespread negative selection on gene expression levels.
Hence, the correlation between estimated eQTL effect size and MAF in the baboons does not provide strong support for widespread negative selection on gene expression phenotypes within species.
With regards to plasmids, and hence increased risks for HGT, mercury and QACs provide a widespread co-selection potential for different antibiotic classes in bacteria of human and domestic animal origin.
These studies have suggested that widespread clones appear to occur as a result of selection for insecticide resistance in agriculture [ 9, 31, 41, 52].
This may be more of a concern with widespread purifying selection in the genome than for selective sweeps at a limited number of loci, as the latter would likely result in less overall bias.
For example, if a carcinogen causes widespread cell death in a tissue, there will be increased selection for oncogenic mutations that promote cell survival.
The relative Ne of Z-linked genes vs. autosomal genes can be further decreased from the neutral expectation of 3/4 due to for example, widespread sexual selection acting on male birds.
