Providers' frustration with poor work conditions, for example, interacted with widespread dissatisfaction with salary levels to erode service-values and act as a catalyst in many individuals' decision to seek other forms of compensation (moonlighting) or to foreshorten work hours.
The study cites many factors that could contribute to low provider motivation not the least of which is low salary, a widespread problem in Georgia.
The three, all economics professors, blame a "fear effect" -- the widespread worries about jobs, salaries, retirement accounts and family members that accompany a recession.
In his book, "The Cream of the Crop," graduates at their 10-year reunion reported widespread contentment with their salaries, which averaged $54,000, roughly $18,000 above the average then for college graduates.
The role of the NSU in the negotiations has caused tensions among West Bank-based Palestinian leaders and officials, and widespread resentment about the salaries paid to its most senior managers, notably Adam Smith International's Andrew Kuhn, who stepped down from running the unit last year.
Behind the readiness of thousands of men and women with a decade or more of university study to accept low salaries is the widespread but usually futile hope of becoming an independent university researcher.
Kate Walsh, president of the National Council on Teacher Quality, a nonpartisan advocacy group in Washington, said "it seems like a no-brainer" that teachers' unions were better off accepting salary concessions than risking widespread layoffs.
The respondents from Ghana and Tanzania described their own motivation as fair to low, which would fit with this understanding - especially given the views expressed about salary levels and the widespread resentment held about access to allowances.
More money would, in turn, help to end the widespread practice of topping up meagre salaries with bribes.The other force to be professionalised will be the lawyers.
