Overall, the model simulations show increasingly widespread upper ocean – topographic coupling via flow instabilities as the horizontal resolution of the ocean models is increased, but fine resolution of mesoscale variability and the associated flow instabilities are required to obtain sufficient coupling.
But if the scientists' analysis of the crystal's age is correct, "it does challenge the view there was widespread magma ocean on the surface" at the time the crystal was formed, said Dr. T. Mark Harrison, a professor of geochemistry at the University of California at Los Angeles and an author of the second Nature paper.
Diatoms, which are one of the most common types of phytoplankton and are widespread in oceans, possess CAs fundamental for acquisition of inorganic carbon.
Being widespread in oceans and soils, they were thought to be originally mesophilic.
Scientists from the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) monitored widespread changes in ocean chemistry in the region.
Greenhouse gases are directly implicated in the rise of average global temperature over the last century, which has widespread effects on ocean levels, biodiversity, crop production, natural disasters, and other aspects of the ecosystem [2].
Satellite data produced for The Guardian by Mark Eakin, head of NOAA's Coral Reef Watch, reveals the increasingly widespread impact of ocean temperature increases on the Great Barrier Reef, where bleaching is predicted to become an annual event by 2020.
"Arctic marine waters are experiencing widespread and rapid ocean acidification," said the report by 60 experts for the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, commissioned by the eight nations with Arctic territories.
Durack et al. [ 2014] suggest that undersampling before the modern era has led to widespread underestimates of ocean warming.
