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The West Nile target is the mosquito, with widespread insecticide spraying under way.
We previously reported widespread insecticide exposure during pregnancy among inner-city women from New York City.
This renewed appreciation stems from the widespread insecticide treadmill which is largely a product of insecticide disruption of the balance of insect communities.
Apart from the harmful effects of pesticides in the environment, insecticide exposure has led to the selection of resistant alleles in natural populations and the development of widespread insecticide resistance, mainly to organophosphates [ 4] but also to pyrethroids [ 5].
The long term use of insecticides for controlling public health pests, beginning with the extensive use of DDT in the 1950's and 1960's, the more recent dramatic expansion in use of pyrethroid impregnated LLINs and extensive agricultural use of the same insecticides in and around mosquito breeding habitats, has led to widespread insecticide resistance in mosquito vector populations [ 20, 21].
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Experts studying last year's outbreak of West Nile encephalitis say widespread spraying of insecticide should be avoided this year if at all possible.
Vaccination programmes, improved public sanitation and the widespread use of insecticide succeeded in dramatically reducing the incidence of mosquito-borne disease and eventually led to the eradication of the Aedes aegypti in 11 countries in the Americas.
In India, before the widespread use of insecticide, the key pest of cotton was the cosmopolitan stenophagous semi-tropical pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders; hereafter pink bollworm (PBW))) and also generalists such as jassids (Amrasca biguttula Ishida), spotted bollworm (Earias vitella Fabricius), and defoliators such as Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) [8, 9].
The genetic change in carbaryl tolerance in the control rather than in the carbaryl treatment suggests widespread selection for insecticide tolerance in the field associated with land use intensity and suggests that this evolution comes at a cost.
In summary, this study demonstrates pronounced reduction and possible interruption of malaria transmission in 2 highland areas of Kenya for a 1-year period and provides evidence that interruption of transmission was related to widespread annual IRS insecticide treatment and use of ACT as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria.
The four key intervention strategies of RBM, which is recommended by the WHO are: case management of malaria in pregnancy, using Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine (SP) as a drug of choice for intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), widespread use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and antenatal care (ANC) [ 7].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com