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Despite causing a marked downregulation of these proteins, wild type EPEC infection was not associated with widespread induction of apoptotic/necrotic mechanisms.
In comparison, shading caused a more widespread induction of genes responsible for protein ubiquitylation and degradation.
These transcriptional changes are consistent with generation of oxidative stress and the widespread induction of compensatory cellular stress response pathways.
Indeed, some direct tissue damage may be caused through widespread induction of a respiratory burst in responsive phagocytes (14).
The widespread induction of MAPK genes in response to diverse stressors and hormones suggests that MAPK genes play a significant role in hormone signaling pathways during stress tolerance.
In previous reports, ourselves [13] and other investigators [14] have identified widespread induction of eRNAs following activation of the innate immune response.
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As a result of this superior capacity, factors that regulate iNOS induction may exert a critical influence on cellular physiology via widespread induction or reduction of nitrosative modifications.
Analysis of the various publicly available stress-treated and developmental phase rice gene expression datasets suggest that unlike the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway (Figure 2D), auxin biosynthesis genes do not show widespread induction under biotic stresses (Additional file 4: Figure S2C).
The combined regime attenuates the expression of NF-κB responsive anti-apoptotic factors and is a widespread method for the induction of TNF-responsive cell death in a number of different cell lines.
Additionally, the induction of widespread tsh-RNAi clones leads to pupal death at various stages of development preventing analyses of adult segment morphology (Bessa et al., 2009).
For example, mammary-specific expression of a mutant PyV mT oncogene decoupled from the Shc/Grb2 signalling molecules results in the induction of widespread mammary epithelial hyperplasias [ 15].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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