Compared with the WT mice, the Appl1 KO mice showed less widespread hemorrhage in their kidneys, and lower production of TNFα and IL-1β in serums.
These findings differ substantially from those of HPAIV (H5N1)–infected chickens, which are characterized mainly by widespread hemorrhage and edema and death by about 2 dpi (31 ).
It shows in vivo antivascular effects in tumoral models overexpressing VEGF and in murine colon tumors, with an increase in vascular permeability, vessel closure, and widespread hemorrhage.
Markedly elevation in the concentrations of circulating inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), have been observed and histological examination has shown widespread hemorrhage, thrombosis, and migration of leukocytes both in animals and patients with severe heatstroke [ 3- 7].
Hemotoxins affect the blood or blood vessels: some destroy the lining of the smaller blood vessels and allow blood to seep into the tissues, producing local or widespread hemorrhages, while others render the blood less coagulable or cause abnormally rapid clotting, leading to circulatory collapse that can be fatal.
Venous occlusion causes mucosal edema and punctate hemorrhage that progress to widespread hemorrhages.
Gross pathology showed widespread hemorrhages as predominant lesions in both infected groups.
Patients had widespread hemorrhaging in the skin during the early septic phase, usually before a rash developed.
The epizootiology of IHN in young fish has been thoroughly described [ 27, 37- 42] and includes widespread hemorrhages in kidney, liver and musculature leading to anemia, and extensive necrosis of major hematopioetic tissues (head kidney and spleen).
*Hemorrhagic, widespread hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes; confluent, confluent rash on the face and arms; discrete, areas of normal skin visible between pustules, even on the face; VSE, variola sine eruptione, fever without rash caused by variola virus, also known as varioloid (8, 9 ); D/C, Smallpox deaths/cases; CF, case fatality; CI, confidence interval; NC, not calculable.
Only puppy no. 1 had lesions consistent with a fulminant CaHV-1 infection, i.e. hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and bilateral renomegaly associated with widespread hemorrhages that was histologically confirmed as being associated with acute disseminated necrosis in the lung, myocardium, liver, kidney and adrenal gland with presence of intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions bodies.
