Widespread high frequency of kdr L1014F in West African S forms, coupled with evidence for introgression of kdr L1014F from the S to M molecular form presented here and by other authors [37], [40], [41], [42], and dramatic recent increases in kdr L1014F frequency in M forms in West Africa [37], [43] presents a disturbing scenario for pyrethroid-based vector control programmes.
This haplogroup is found at high frequencies in Southwest Asia, in our Western reference population, and in the Caucasus; in South Asia it is widespread at frequencies below 10%, mainly in caste populations.
Widespread time-frequency distributions (TFDs) such as short-time Fourier transform (STFT), Wigner-Ville distribution, and Choi-Williams distribution are employed [11].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09215.008 10.7554/eLiFigure15.009 Figure 2 figure supplement 2. Widespread and frequency-dependent recruitment of forebrain with optogenetics is distinct to stimulation of intralaminar nuclei of central thalamus.
Haplotye A (993 bp) was most widespread with a frequency of 44% in unisexual individuals.
Promoters containing GC-rich SP1 binding sites, on the contrary, appear to be very widespread, and their frequency is higher in housekeeping than in tissue-specific genes.
Only four widespread and high frequency alleles were recorded (NH014, NH100, NH113 and NH115), while most of the remaining alleles were locality-specific (107 alleles).
Haplogroup T-M70, which emerged around 40 kya in Asia after the K-M9 polymorphism and has widespread but low frequency distributions in Europe and North and East Africa, has also been proposed as a signal of an ancient backflow to Africa [ 12, 35].
Chromosome polymorphisms in Drosophila species have been historically important genetic systems for understanding mechanisms of evolutionary change, and have now been studied long enough to begin revealing widespread, systematic temporal frequency shifts in response to environmental change.
