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These details, which are often missing from centralized databases, can facilitate a wider range of downstream analyses.
KRAS and PIK3CA are located more upstream in the EGFR-signalling cascade and may, therefore, signal to a wider range of downstream signal transduction pathways and transcriptional effects.
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β-amyrin in particular serves as the olefin precursor to a wide range of downstream products.
It binds calcium and modulates the activity of a wide range of downstream proteins in response to calcium signals.
Diabetes, in general, causes chronic hyperglycemia and a wide range of downstream metabolic disturbances and multiorgan complications [ 2].
As an endogenous inhibitor of cathepsin C, cystatin F may attenuate the activation of a wide range of downstream serine proteases involved in inflammation and immunity.
HIF-1α and mTOR are central regulators of the metabolic switch in both macrophages and DCs, with a wide range of downstream targets that facilitate this process.
Heterotrimeric G proteins play essential roles in cellular communication by transducing extracellular signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to a wide range of downstream effectors.
Somatostatin receptor signalling pathways can promote a wide range of downstream effects in GEP-NETs including inhibition of cell secretion and growth through the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling or induction of apoptosis (Patel and Srikant, 1997).
The Akt/PKB kinase has been implicated in the genesis and/or progression of numerous human tumors, because AKT has a wide range of downstream targets that regulate endothelial cell functions such as migration, growth, proliferation and apoptosis.
The three class-Ia PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases; p110α/p110β/p110δ) and the sole class-Ib PI3K (p110γ) couple growth factor receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors to a wide range of downstream pathways [ 1– 3].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com