In India about a third of companies belong to wider entities.
The Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston is a university-wide entity housed at HKS that aims to improve the governance of greater Boston.
The Stanford Medicine Teaching and Mentoring Academy is an inclusive, school-wide entity available to all those who teach and mentor our trainees – MD students, PhD students, residents, fellows, postdoctoral scholars and faculty.
The inability of a metropolitan-wide entity to raise money and determine policy and investment strategies for the entire 'functional' area, inevitably leads to dysfunctional transport, infrastructure, housing and environmental policies which can't be solved within the confines of restricted political boundaries.
For instance, the chair who saw a current "city-wide" IRB (which reviews only certain, but not all protocols) as "too strict" nonetheless perceived potential advantages in wider use of such municipal-wide entities - though not this particular one.
In a more systematic institutional design this information might be fed to a government source (top layer of Figure 1) or other system-wide responsible entity to initiate and focus health care improvement research of the kind proposed below.
Hence the foremost requirement for realising holistic smart city related information services by and for wide-spectrum entities (citizens, governments, private enterprises) is to agree and utilise common, standard and inter-operable data formats.
Blockchain could be used to facilitate the process of granting publishing licenses, enabling a wider range of entities to apply -- particularly foreign entities that face tight restrictions and bureaucracy under the current system.
We argue that genuine language understanding in machines will similarly require an imagistic modeling capacity enabling fast construction of instances of prototypical physical situations and events, whose participants are drawn from a wide variety of entity types, including animate agents.
