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To link these widely scaled processes, we used biomass (living and dead) as an integrating variable that provides feedbacks between disturbance and ecosystem processes and feedbacks among multiple disturbances.
The provision of ART has been widely scaled up including the introduction of "Option B+" in Malawi in July 2011 with which all HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women are started on lifelong ART regardless of clinical or immunological stage.
Antiretroviral therapy was introduced to Ghana in 2003 and the program has been widely scaled up; as of the end of December 2012, there were a total of 165 ART sites in the country [ 7].
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Since 2005, and with the support of the President's Malaria Initiative and the Global Fund, Malawi has started to widely scale up malaria control interventions.
Daily life activity was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS), a widely used scale for patient disability [ 18].
The Barthel index [ 20], one of the above mentioned scales, is a widely used scale that measures activities of daily ling (ADL) in a geriatric population.
Such experiences and lessons need to be scaled up widely.
The Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) is a widely used scale that measures overall levels of functionality of an individual.
Mastery was assessed using Pearlin's personal mastery scale [ 36], a widely used scale with good construct validity [ 37] and internal reliability [ 38].
These items were based on widely used scales (e.g., PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scales).
Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) is a 10-item widely used scale for identifying intimate partner maltreatment.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com