Orphan genes, candidate genes with wide-ranging functions (EIF4A2) or without sufficient functional characterization (NAP1L5, GNAS), can only be associated tentatively with major deregulated pathways identified in this study, and were omitted from Figure 7.
These natural properties have been utilized to assemble varieties of RNA nanoparticles with diverse biological properties and wide-ranging functions.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by multiple cell types and with wide-ranging functions and actions.
The authors also discuss emerging evidence for its wide-ranging functions in development, pluripotency, cellular differentiation and cell cycle regulation, which underscore the complexity of its functions.
They are thought to be primarily involved in determining calcium and sodium entry and have wide-ranging functions that include regulation of cell proliferation, motility and contraction.
The genes and proteins of the GH18 family have primarily been studied in humans and mice, and these studies have elucidated their wide-ranging functions in immunity and tissue homeostasis.
Immotile primary cilia, present on most cells, are involved in wide-ranging functions that include cell-cell signalling, force perception, sensation and cell polarity (Satir and Christensen, 2007; Baker and Beales, 2009; Oh and Katsanis, 2012).
Given the large number of Klk genes, however, the varied and wide-ranging functions of their gene products, and the complicated patterns of coregulation via reciprocal- and auto-proteolysis, a series of gene-specific experiments at the nucleic acid and protein levels are required for each of the 26 genes to disentangle their precise role in host susceptibility to S. aureus.
In particular, the research found that pharmacists working in these positions performed wide-ranging management functions as part of the district or sub-district management team, albeit with a particular responsibility for pharmaceutical services.
The ability of Hfq to affect such wide-ranging cellular functions is likely due to its role as an RNA chaperone for sRNAs.
Recently, miRNAs have been found to have wide-ranging regulatory functions in cell proliferation, differentiation and many other processes [ 27], but only a few studies have focused on the interaction with WNT signaling during adipogenesis.
