While the wide range of intakes in Europe will be multifactorial given the diversity of methods used, it is reasonable to conclude that methodology is an important factor.
In the Chinese hospital-based case-control study [ 15], which had a wider range of intake, soy foods were also found to decrease ovarian cancer risk, with an OR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.31-0.82) [ 15].
To evaluate a wider range of intake and potentially skewed distributions for the meat mutagens (Augustsson et al, 1999; Sinha, 2002), we additionally investigated associations across deciles for BaP, DiMeIQx, MeIQx, and PhIP.
The EPIC-Norfolk cohort is particularly well placed to investigate these associations, as it has the widest range and highest intake of flavan-3-ol intake among all EPIC cohorts [25] and a wider range of intake than cohorts investigated previously.
Despite the wider range of intake, we have not found any consistent association between flavan-3-ol monomer intake and systolic blood pressure at baseline or risk of CVD, and our data are corroborated by results from previous studies [15,17,18,20,38] (Fig. 4 and Supplemental Table 4).
First, the population from which the cohort was selected has wide ranges of intakes for protein, potassium, fruit and vegetables [ 57, 58].
A wider range of intakes would need to be considered before firm conclusions on the relationship between DNA methylation and alcohol intake can be drawn.
48 The authors suggested that food frequency questionnaires may not capture sufficient heterogeneity within a single population but are appropriate in pooled analyses where a wider range of intakes are collated.
This presented us with an opportunity to further explore the associations between hydration biomarkers and total fluid intake over a wide range of fluid intake behaviors.
Dividing the cohort into five equal groups of nutrient intake allowed us to examine a wide range of nutrient intake while maintaining enough participants in the highest and lowest categories.
