A central tenet for assessing co-variation is the covarion principle, proposed by Fitch and Markowitz in 1970 [6], which states that 'at any one point in time only a very restricted number of positions can fix mutations but that as mutations are fixed, the positions capable of accepting mutations also change so that examination of a wide-range of species reveals a wide range of altered positions.
Thus, the CMMB will be a useful resource for providing mouse models with a wide range of altered proteins for phenotypic, gene/protein-network, and structural biology-type analyses.
Field observations show that hyaloclastites are completely altered (i.e., all the protolith had been transformed into secondary minerals), and compact basalts exhibit a wide range of alteration stages (i.e., from not altered to completely altered).
This gravely reduced the physiological and behavioral responses of adult Drosophila to a wide range of odorants, altered adult metabolism, enhanced stress resistance and extended their life span [31].
An allelic series with a wide range of genetically altered Ctgf gene expression provides a tool to test, the effectiveness of reducing Ctgf expression, in vivo, to prevent fibrotic disease and determining if increased expression of Ctgf is causal in fibrotic disease.
In contrast, hepatic Atoh8 and Hamp1 mRNA levels correlated in vivo in mice over a wide range of conditions of altered iron metabolism (iron overload, iron deficiency, hypotransferrinaemia, hypoxia, PHZ, EPO and carboplatin treatment).
In particular, protein drugs are subject to immune surveillance in the human body, and ensuing antidrug immune responses can cause a wide range of problems including altered pharmacokinetics, loss of efficacy, and even life-threating complications.
At the same time, he was experimenting with a wide range of mood-altering drugs, experiences he wrote about in greater depth in his book Hallucinations (2012).
Thus, with a wide range of chemicals capable of altering the "estrogenic milieu," it could be hypothesized that PG synthesis is altered in the reproductive system of any vertebrate, as described previously for the avian reproductive tract.
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A small sensitivity measure for a parameter implies that the value of this parameter can be substituted for a wide range of values without altering the system dynamics.
