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Such estimation techniques are crucial to the understanding of simulation-based models, whose likelihood functions may be difficult or even impossible to derive.
To get a "fairer" idea of the probabilities, however, we have to define the set of events whose likelihood we're trying to calculate.
[T]he obligation to refrain from particular conduct is owed only to those who are foreseeably endangered by the conduct and only with respect to those risks or hazards whose likelihood made the conduct unreasonably dangerous.
Lee has said that the play grew out of conversations she had with young black actor friends whose likelihood of being hired for movie roles depended on how "black" or "street" or "real" they could act.
ORAS, a programme designed for the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, flags the low-risk criminals whose likelihood of reoffending actually increases the longer they are locked up alongside violent criminals.
Those taken during the 2009 and 2010 Tours, the report said, showed blood values whose likelihood "of occurring naturally was less than one in a million," and other indications of blood doping.
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However, when the data set is small there will often be multiple local optima for the hyperparameters whose likelihoods are comparable to the maximum.
There are certain distributions, especially those with three or more parameters, whose likelihoods may become infinite along certain paths in the parameter space.
We used the 181 possible Aquificales positions whose likelihoods had been computed earlier to search for evidence of HGTs affecting Aquificales genes.
This is standard practice for Cox proportional hazards models, whose partial likelihood functions do not suffer from multi-modality due to the fact that the log-partial-likelihood is concave [18] with maximizers known to have desirable statistical properties [18, 19].
For each rate rij, whose maximum likelihood estimate was zero, we imputed the value of the rate using the following heuristic.
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