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The main ingredient of the proof is a priori estimate for an important quantity under the assumption that the deformation gradient is upper bounded, whose divergence can be viewed as the effective viscous flux.
This limitation can be addressed by selective resequencing of species whose divergence times progressively subdivide lengthy time segments; i.e., phylogenetic walking.
Thus, MHC genotypes represent an ecological trait whose divergence by natural selection may directly produce reproductive isolation as a by-product.
As anticipated, the interspecies orthologs Ssa5p-Ssa8p, whose divergence from Ssa1/2p is similar to that of Ssa3/4p, did not support growth of S. cerevisiae as well as Ssa1/2p.
Furthermore, at least for Vibrio spp., these clusters constituted individuals different at the genomic level but whose divergence should be neutral (i.e. with no selective advantage) because of the small spatial scale in which they coexisted [14].
Indeed, old duplication events can have generated subfamilies whose divergence observed today exceeds the dissimilarity thresholds used in homology inference methods.
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This kind of the symmetry-transformations leads to the existence of a conservation law in material space, which does not belong to trivial conservation laws and whose divergence-free expression gives a path-independent integral.
Significantly the dataset of Azuma et al. [ 40] includes 1) all major lineages of the basal actinopterygians whose fossils and their relative phylogenetic positions are more reliable than those of the higher teleosts; and 2) all continental cichlids whose divergences show excellent agreement with the history of Gondwanian fragmentations.
Since horses, asses, and zebras, whose evolutionary divergence is relatively recent, show remarkable morphological similarity and capacity to interbreed despite their chromosomes differing considerably, we investigated the role of CR in the karyotype evolution of the genus Equus.
For the drift coefficient A0, we distinguish two cases: (i) A0 is a continuous vector field whose distributional divergence δ(A0) with respect to the Gaussian measure γd exists, (ii) A0 has Sobolev regularity W1,p′loc for some p′>1.
For all gene-associated insertions located in the NPE, whose sequence divergence from the consensus could be estimated (114 of 141), 61% are putatively very recent (identity ≥99%), suggesting that they may be polymorphic in An. gambiae and vary geographically among populations [38].
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