Magnus and Callender argue that "wholesale" arguments that are intended to support realism (or antirealism) about science as a whole (rather than "retail" arguments that are applied to a specific theory) are only taken seriously because of our propensity to engage in the 'base rate fallacy' of evaluating probabilities without knowing all the relevant information.
When it comes to wholesale arguments against scientific realism, perhaps the most influential until recently was the underdetermination argument, according to which the existence of empirical equivalents to our best scientific theories implies that we should withhold epistemic commitment to them.
The tactic, which seeks to disqualify gun-control activists as worthy debaters, enables NRATV hosts to dismiss arguments wholesale while allowing them to showcase a proud touch with fine print.
This isn't an argument for a wholesale shifting of profits from capital to the talent working for a firm.
A more persuasive argument against capping wholesale prices is that it could send exactly the wrong signal by discouraging energy companies from making the investments in the new generating capacity needed to bring supply and demand into balance.
Nevertheless, Plotinus' wholesale adoption of many Aristotelian arguments and distinctions will seem less puzzling when we realize that he took these both as compatible with Platonism and as useful for articulating the Platonic position, especially in areas in which Plato was himself not explicit.
Furthermore wholesale borrowing of the larger structure, argument, and evidence of a published piece is also plagiarism.
Unlike the prosecution, which made only minor alterations to its opening argument, the defense made wholesale changes starting with the lawyer making the presentation.
"Today's judgment [has] no impact on the ongoing legal process or the CAT's previous dismissal of Ofcom's core argument in favour of wholesale must offer," said the Sky spokesman.
And the dramatic conflict revealed, at long last, in the film's climactic arguments is between a wholesale, idealistic approach to mass death and one that is more cynical and individualistic.
