As Keast argues, "while top-down approaches are important to set priorities and push through a joined-up ethos, cooperative relations on the ground may prove to be more important in the long run" [ 34] (p229).
Pathway analysis on Database for Annotation Visualization and Individual Discovery (DAVID) revealed the top up-regulated pathways as gap junction, cancer pathways and intra-cellular signalling (Table 3), while top down-regulated pathways include adhesion pathways (Table 4).>> In A2780 and A2780cis, 914 genes were commonly altered in response to treatment with cisplatin in hypoxia.
Its most successful reform involves freeing schools from local-authority control.But while top-down localism is failing, bottom-up localism is flourishing.
While top-down or bottom-up historical accounts will tell you about the big shapes and grand arcs of the civil war - the "Grand Remonstrance", the carnage at Naseby, the cancelling of Christmas - it is in the odd, human details that you begin to touch the real texture of the times.
Primary motor circuitry encodes a core syllable representation that contributes to generalization, while top-down input from cortical-basal ganglia circuitry biases this representation to enable context-specific learning.
While top-down approaches require precise and centrally available knowledge to deal with the uncertainty in engineering design of watershed management projects, bottom-up approaches can succeed without such information by making extensive use of stakeholder knowledge.
Population health planning incorporates community participation while top-down standard models appear to neglect a community perspective, even though they are underpinned by a desire for fairness.
At present, bottom-up MS-based strategy is dominated in glycoprotein analysis while top-down MS-based approach still has some limitations.
While top-down therapy appears to have many advantages, its potential for immunogenicity, loss of response, cost, and long-term safety issues may somewhat limit its wholesale application.
While top-down VTE prophylaxis interventions have improved compliance in UK hospitals, we found that a bottom-up approach was more effective and sustainable in our work environment.
While top-down, continent-wide eradication campaigns are ambitious and appealingly goal-oriented, progress to curb sleeping sickness is more likely to come from slow development of national capacity, policy infrastructure, administrative integration and political stabilization in affected countries.
