In cereal crops such as barley and wheat (Triticum aestivum), sufficient P in plants increases while deficient P in plants decreases the plant growth and grain yields.
Therefore, while deficient White in the eye appears to primarily account for the poor ethanol-induced courtship in w males, over- or mis-expressed White may enhance intermale courtship under ethanol possibly by acting on the cellular pathway(s) underlying courtship disinhibition.
While mice deficient in XPA have been created, they did not recapitulate the neurological degeneration phenotypes observed in humans (Nakane et al., 1995).
While mice deficient in both isoforms of Stat3 are embryonic lethal at day 6.5 to 7 [24] and mice deficient in Stat3α die within 24 hr of birth, mice deficient in Stat3β have normal survival and fertility [6].
Interestingly, mice lacking CD25 display a slight decrease in Tregs within the thymus but not in the periphery, while mice deficient in CD122 show a profound reduction in both thymic and peripheral Tregs [17].
So while mutants deficient in the synthase genes are information cheaters (that do not pass on the signal, but use it), mutants deficient in the R genes are public goods cheaters that do not contribute with factors necessary for swarming and growth.
Thus, mutants defective in Gap1 sorting to the surface (GSE complex, LST7, and LST4 ) have high levels of extracellular ATP, while those deficient in Gap1 internalization (ESCRT complex and interactors, BUL1, BRO1, DOA4 ) have low levels of extracellular ATP.
Frequently, mutated S315T katG produces a functional catalase-peroxidase (katG) with enzymatic activity while highly deficient in its ability to form an INH-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide adduct, reducing the INH toxicity and having little fitness cost to the bacterium.
Transgenic mice over-expressing IGF-1 have increased muscle mass (Mathews et al., 1988) while mice deficient in IGF-1 have a severe muscular dystrophy (Powell-Braxton et al., 1993).
However, while apparently deficient in generating protective immunity to helminth infections in comparison to older sheep, young lambs have been shown to produce immune responses to vaccines containing H. contortus intestinal antigen; which in one study resulted in a significant reduction in pasture contamination with H. contortus larvae [ 51].
