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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
which those have been
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "which those have been" is a correct and usable phrase in written English.
It can be used to introduce a clause with a noun phrase that refers back to a previously mentioned item. For example, "He has discovered several new objects in the sky, which those have been reported on in various scientific journals."
✓ Grammatically correct
Academia
Formal & Business
News & Media
Science
Encyclopedias
Wiki
Reference
Social Media
Alternative expressions(3)
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
60 human-written examples
The degree of success will be the extent to which those targets have been realized.
Encyclopedias
These differences are partly explained by the particularities of the national context to which those policies have been applied.
However, the techniques with which those languages have been equipped are mainly conceived to work with synchronous communications only.
The teaching observation process allows instructors to establish their course and session goals and receive feedback on the extent to which those goals have been achieved.
Academia
There was another kind of candelabrum, entirely different from those which have been described, which did not stand upon the ground, but was placed upon the table.
Academia
It unambiguously categorizes every exon type associated with a protein coding gene, both those which have been demonstrated experimentally and those which are only biologically and theoretically legitimate.
Science
Numerical (direct) simulations of the equations then allow one to determine which phase portrait is actually observed among those which have been theoretically identified.
The system also generates a link to 'also-read' articles – that is, those which have been most commonly accessed by those reading the article.
Wiki
Regarding age, young firms are defined as those which have been operating during less than 5 years since they were opened, while mature firms are those which have been operating for a longer period.
Science
Rather, he said, "the most articulate performances are always those which have been pared away".
News & Media
In truth, many nonindustrial societies — half of those which have been surveyed — forsake their elderly.
News & Media
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When using "which those have been", ensure clarity in the preceding context so the reader understands what "those" refers to.
Common error
Avoid using "which those have been" if the items you are referring to are not clearly established in the preceding text. This can lead to ambiguity and confusion for the reader.
Source & Trust
84%
Authority and reliability
3.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
"Which those have been" introduces a relative clause, providing additional information about a previously mentioned set of items or entities. This phrase functions to elaborate on the characteristics or status of "those". According to Ludwig AI, the phrase is correct.
Frequent in
Science
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News & Media
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Formal & Business
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Less common in
Academia
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Wiki
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Encyclopedias
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Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, the phrase "which those have been" is grammatically correct and serves to introduce a relative clause that provides extra information about a set of previously mentioned items. While Ludwig AI confirms its validity, the phrase is not commonly used, and its absence from the provided examples underscores this. Therefore, ensure that its use maintains clarity and that the context clearly identifies what "those" refers to, since it can have a degree of formality. Despite its correctness, writers should consider whether simpler alternatives might enhance readability in many contexts.
More alternative expressions(6)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
those that have been
Replaces "which" with "that", offering a slightly more direct phrasing.
that which has been
Emphasizes the singular nature of 'that' compared to the plural 'those'.
the items that have been
Replaces 'those' with 'the items', providing a more explicit noun.
the ones that have been
Adds "the ones" for a slightly more emphatic and specific reference.
things that have been
Uses “things” instead of “those”, changing the scope of possible referents.
those having been
Uses a participial phrase for a more concise, slightly more formal tone.
those that were
Simplifies the tense to past simple, removing the 'have been' construction.
which they have been
Replaces 'those' with 'they', shifting the pronoun and potentially the referent.
those previously mentioned
Focuses on prior mention rather than a state of being.
what has been
Uses 'what' to refer to a broader, less defined set of things.
FAQs
How can I use "which those have been" in a sentence?
You can use "which those have been" to add more information to a clause that refers back to previously mentioned items. For instance, "He discovered several new objects, which those have been reported on in scientific journals."
What phrases are similar to "which those have been"?
Alternatives include "that which has been", "those that have been", or "those having been", depending on the desired level of formality and conciseness.
Is "which those have been" grammatically correct?
Yes, the phrase is grammatically correct, but it might sound a bit formal or complex. Ensure the context clearly defines what "those" refers to.
When should I avoid using "which those have been"?
Avoid using "which those have been" if the reference to "those" is ambiguous or unclear. In such cases, using a more explicit phrasing like "the items that have been" may improve clarity.
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Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
84%
Authority and reliability
3.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested